[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"pubgrp:jg-adj-past:ja:en":3},{"type":4,"slug":5,"title":6,"level":7,"goal":8,"image_path":9,"is_locked":10,"is_daily_free":10,"formula":11,"gloss":14,"desc":15,"desc_audio":9,"voices":16,"examples":17,"fills":48,"choices":49},"grammar","jg-adj-past","Adjective Past","elementary","과거 시제: い형용사의 かった, な형용사의 でした",null,false,[12,13],"い-adjectives + かった (past tense)","な-adjectives + でした (past tense)","Past tense: い-adjectives with かった, な-adjectives with でした","English speakers often struggle with 日本語 adjective conjugation because English treats adjectives as **static descriptors** — you simply add a helping verb like \"was\" to talk about the past. You say \"The food was delicious\" with no change to \"delicious\" itself. In contrast, **Japanese adjectives are actually verbs**: they conjugate and carry tense information independently, just like action verbs do.\n\nThis is the critical mindset shift. When you see `おいしかった` (oishikatta), recognize that the adjective itself is **doing the work of expressing pastness** — there's no separate \"was\" needed. The `-かった` ending (-i form adjectives) or `だった` ending (na-form adjectives) **contains and expresses tense**. This is why you can say `おいしかった` (it was delicious) without any other verb — the adjective stands alone and completes the meaning.\n\nFor **i-adjectives**, the conjugation follows a clear pattern: drop the final い and add かった. This is similar to how verbs conjugate (`行く` → `行った`). For **na-adjectives**, you treat them more like nouns and add `だった`, which is the past form of the copula `だ`. The key is that **both types of adjectives become verb-like in their behavior**, they don't rely on a separate verb to mark tense. Understanding this removes the confusion: you're not describing something with a static word; you're expressing the adjective's state as a past event.",[],[18,23,28,33,38,43],{"en":19,"ko":20,"ko_audio":9,"audio":21,"audios":22},"昨日はとても暑かった。","Yesterday was very hot.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Ff61b7074-cee2-4f40-93d4-1f4f95239dcb.mp3",{},{"en":24,"ko":25,"ko_audio":9,"audio":26,"audios":27},"この映画は面白かった。","This movie was interesting.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fc83cf5c6-0fc7-4a4b-8323-14c04ff4a034.mp3",{},{"en":29,"ko":30,"ko_audio":9,"audio":31,"audios":32},"去年の冬は寒くなかった。","Last winter was not cold.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Ffd184fdd-504a-4a50-a3c2-81e8fbadcfbc.mp3",{},{"en":34,"ko":35,"ko_audio":9,"audio":36,"audios":37},"田中さんはいつも親切でした。","Mr. Tanaka was always kind.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fedd2b756-675c-4159-9a03-db9354b1fe22.mp3",{},{"en":39,"ko":40,"ko_audio":9,"audio":41,"audios":42},"その人は有名でした。","That person was famous.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fa04310d8-6567-423b-9576-b6dedfcfa943.mp3",{},{"en":44,"ko":45,"ko_audio":9,"audio":46,"audios":47},"公園は静かでした。","The park was quiet.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F5c7eda88-e3c5-47b7-813b-3d4105718468.mp3",{},[],[50,62,73],{"ko":51,"options":52},"`新しい`(새로운)의 과거형으로 알맞은 것은?",[53,55,58,60],{"t":54,"ok":10},"新しくでした",{"t":56,"ok":57},"新しかった",true,{"t":59,"ok":10},"新しいでした",{"t":61,"ok":10},"新しくかった",{"ko":63,"options":64},"`便利`(편리한)의 과거형으로 알맞은 것은?",[65,67,69,71],{"t":66,"ok":10},"便利かった",{"t":68,"ok":57},"便利でした",{"t":70,"ok":10},"便利った",{"t":72,"ok":10},"便利は",{"ko":74,"options":75},"다음 중 어느 것이 **な형용사**의 과거형인가?",[76,78,80,82],{"t":77,"ok":10},"高かった",{"t":79,"ok":57},"静かでした",{"t":81,"ok":10},"美しかった",{"t":83,"ok":10},"長くかった"]