[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"pubgrp:jg-teiru:ja:en":3},{"type":4,"slug":5,"title":6,"level":7,"goal":8,"image_path":9,"is_locked":10,"is_daily_free":10,"formula":11,"gloss":14,"desc":15,"desc_audio":9,"voices":16,"examples":17,"fills":48,"choices":49},"grammar","jg-teiru","~teiru (ongoing\u002Fstate)","intermediate","진행 중인 동작과 지속되는 상태를 나타내기",null,false,[12,13],"Verb + `ている` (action in progress, continuous state)","Verb + `ている` + time expression (indicating how long it continues)","Indicating ongoing actions and continuous states","The key to understanding `~ている` is recognizing that **Japanese treats actions and their results as a continuum**, whereas English speakers typically think of actions as completed events. In English, we say \"I ate lunch\" (past, done) or \"I am eating lunch\" (present, happening now). But Japanese uses `~ている` for both **ongoing actions AND the lasting states that actions leave behind**.\n\nHere's the crucial mindset shift: `~ている` literally means \"is in the state of having done X\" or \"is in the process of doing X.\" English speakers lack this concept because our language separates past from present sharply. We'd say \"The window is broken\" (state, no action implied) or \"I wrote a letter\" (action, complete). Japanese sees both as manifestations of `~ている`: **`割(わ)れている` (the window is-in-a-broken-state)** emphasizes the *result* of breaking, not the breaking itself; **`書いている` (is-writing)** emphasizes that the writing action is ongoing or its effects persist.\n\nThis is why `~ている` covers so much ground. **The core logic is: once an action happens, you ask \"what state is the world in NOW as a result of or during that action?\"** A broken window didn't just break yesterday—it's *still in a broken state*. Someone writing didn't just start—they're *still in the process or we're observing them in it*. This explains why possession (`持っている` = \"is-holding,\" meaning \"has\"), habitual actions (`毎日走っている` = \"is running every day,\" a routine), and true progressives (`食べている` = \"is eating\") all use the same form—they're all states that either persist or are ongoing.\n\nEnglish forces you to choose: \"I have written\" (present perfect), \"I write\" (habitual), \"I am writing\" (present progressive). Japanese unifies these under the logic of **\"what is the persistent or ongoing state caused by or involved with this action?\"** Understanding this perspective is far more important than memorizing which English tense it \"translates\" to—it rarely translates neatly.",[],[18,23,28,33,38,43],{"en":19,"ko":20,"ko_audio":9,"audio":21,"audios":22},"彼は今、テレビを見ています。","He is watching television right now.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F1b14364d-9372-4776-9333-0ad11d89feda.mp3",{},{"en":24,"ko":25,"ko_audio":9,"audio":26,"audios":27},"雨が降っています。","It is raining.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fe41bbf5b-667e-49ab-ba53-9ee5c35b5c95.mp3",{},{"en":29,"ko":30,"ko_audio":9,"audio":31,"audios":32},"私は10年間、この会社で働いています。","I have been working at this company for 10 years.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fbb776c32-ff5a-4ab2-8e04-2c1bb98a2aa3.mp3",{},{"en":34,"ko":35,"ko_audio":9,"audio":36,"audios":37},"彼女はもう結婚しています。","She is already married. (She is in a married state.)","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F0a1a701a-9a9d-4cbb-a0bf-c11f99d348e8.mp3",{},{"en":39,"ko":40,"ko_audio":9,"audio":41,"audios":42},"子どもたちは公園で遊んでいます。","The children are playing in the park.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F2bd2bf71-4c2f-466e-9e6e-72e161808efd.mp3",{},{"en":44,"ko":45,"ko_audio":9,"audio":46,"audios":47},"私の足が痛んでいます。","My feet are hurting. (The state of pain is continuing.)","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fcce69934-4233-483e-85d8-4302ec87148a.mp3",{},[],[50,62,73],{"ko":51,"options":52},"`~ている` 형태의 핵심 기능은 무엇입니까?",[53,55,58,60],{"t":54,"ok":10},"습관적인 행동을 나타낸다",{"t":56,"ok":57},"지금 진행 중이거나 지속되는 상태를 나타낸다",true,{"t":59,"ok":10},"과거에 완료된 행동을 나타낸다",{"t":61,"ok":10},"미래의 계획을 나타낸다",{"ko":63,"options":64},"`私は毎日、本を読みます` 와 `私は今、本を読んでいます` 의 차이는?",[65,67,69,71],{"t":66,"ok":10},"둘 다 같은 의미이다",{"t":68,"ok":57},"첫 번째는 습관, 두 번째는 현재 진행 중",{"t":70,"ok":10},"첫 번째는 미래, 두 번째는 과거",{"t":72,"ok":10},"첫 번째는 완료, 두 번째는 계획",{"ko":74,"options":75},"`彼は東京に住んでいます` 에서 `~ている`가 나타내는 의미는?",[76,78,80,82],{"t":77,"ok":10},"그가 지금 도쿄로 이사를 하고 있다",{"t":79,"ok":10},"그는 도쿄에 산 적이 있다",{"t":81,"ok":57},"그는 도쿄에 살다는 상태가 지속되고 있다",{"t":83,"ok":10},"그는 도쿄에서 살기 시작했다"]