[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"pubgrp:jg-sonkei:ja:en":3},{"type":4,"slug":5,"title":6,"level":7,"goal":8,"image_path":9,"is_locked":10,"is_daily_free":10,"formula":11,"gloss":14,"desc":15,"desc_audio":9,"voices":16,"examples":17,"fills":48,"choices":49},"grammar","jg-sonkei","Honorific Language","advanced","경어(敬語)의 핵심: 상대방을 높이는 존경어 문법",null,false,[12,13],"`いらっしゃる` \u002F `なさる` \u002F `おっしゃる` (Expressing the actions of others\u002Fthird parties in an elegant way)","V-stem + `なさる` = \"~(do) respectfully\" (Honorific auxiliary verb)","Core of Honorific Language: Respectful Grammar for Elevating Others","**Respectful language (`尊敬語`) fundamentally reflects a Japanese worldview that English speakers rarely encounter.** In English, the verb \"do\" remains the same whether the President does something or a child does it—the grammar doesn't encode social hierarchy. Japanese, however, **makes the grammar itself change based on WHO is performing the action.** This is not mere politeness; it's a grammatical system that externalizes the speaker's recognition of the listener's or a third party's social position.\n\nThe core logic is this: `尊敬語` **elevates and honors the subject of the sentence.** When you use `尊敬語`, you're not just saying the action happened—you're saying the action was performed by someone worthy of respect, and the grammar must reflect that honor. For example, instead of saying \"先生が読む\" (the teacher reads—plain, neutral), you say \"先生がお読みになる\" (the teacher reads—elevated, honorific). The verb itself becomes more elaborate, longer, and sonically grander. **English achieves similar meanings through vocabulary choice or tone**, but Japanese **bakes it into the syntax itself.**\n\nThis reflects a **context-dependent society** where the vertical relationships (hierarchy) are grammatically mandatory. You cannot choose to use plain language with someone senior—the language itself constrains your options. Whereas English speakers think \"I'll adjust my word choice to sound respectful,\" Japanese speakers think \"**I must restructure the entire sentence architecture** because this person's position demands a different grammatical register.\"\n\nKey principle: `尊敬語` applies to **the actions and belongings of people you respect**—typically superiors, customers, or people outside your in-group. The formula commonly uses the prefix `お` or `ご` attached to the verb stem, followed by `になる`, or uses the potential\u002Fpassive form as an honorific (a grammatical metaphor: treating the respected person's action as something \"possible\" to receive, thus honoring it as special). Special verbs like `いらっしゃる` (to be\u002Fgo—honorific) or `おっしゃる` (to say—honorific) replace ordinary verbs entirely, signaling extreme deference.",[],[18,23,28,33,38,43],{"en":19,"ko":20,"ko_audio":9,"audio":21,"audios":22},"先生はどちらへいらっしゃいますか。","Where are you going, teacher?","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F8b4af4d9-2e65-4160-bb5d-3ea14560bcad.mp3",{},{"en":24,"ko":25,"ko_audio":9,"audio":26,"audios":27},"社長はすでにお帰りになりました。","The boss has already returned.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F91874d6e-e25e-4d4b-af3e-e43d8582b304.mp3",{},{"en":29,"ko":30,"ko_audio":9,"audio":31,"audios":32},"田中さんは何とおっしゃいましたか。","What did Mr. Tanaka say?","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F78b1c11c-9381-4bd2-9c59-dc2fab26be61.mp3",{},{"en":34,"ko":35,"ko_audio":9,"audio":36,"audios":37},"お母さんは毎日何時にお起きになりますか。","What time does your mother wake up every day?","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F3680548e-a10b-4cd4-a79f-2e5760871980.mp3",{},{"en":39,"ko":40,"ko_audio":9,"audio":41,"audios":42},"大臣がご説明なさいました。","The minister explained it to us.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fb48ca7c8-3a02-46d1-b1b4-f569b9eb044d.mp3",{},{"en":44,"ko":45,"ko_audio":9,"audio":46,"audios":47},"お客様はお召し上がりになりますか。","Would the guest like to eat?","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F76aef906-4f72-48ed-b3b2-88b0424fe079.mp3",{},[],[50,62,73],{"ko":51,"options":52},"`いらっしゃる`가 일반 동사 \"가다(行く)\"와 다른 점은?",[53,55,58,60],{"t":54,"ok":10},"\"가다\"보다 더 빠른 속도를 표현한다",{"t":56,"ok":57},"상대방의 행동을 높여 표현함으로써 존경을 드러낸다",true,{"t":59,"ok":10},"과거형만 사용할 수 있다",{"t":61,"ok":10},"부정형으로만 사용할 수 있다",{"ko":63,"options":64},"\"V-stem + なさる\" 구조의 역할은?",[65,67,69,71],{"t":66,"ok":10},"동사를 과거형으로 만든다",{"t":68,"ok":57},"일반 동사를 존경어로 변환하여 \"~하시다\"의 의미를 전달한다",{"t":70,"ok":10},"동사를 미래형으로 만든다",{"t":72,"ok":10},"동사의 주어를 명시한다",{"ko":74,"options":75},"한국어와 비교했을 때, 일본어 존경어의 핵심 특징은?",[76,78,80,82],{"t":77,"ok":10},"어미만 변화시킨다",{"t":79,"ok":10},"문장 끝의 조사를 바꾼다",{"t":81,"ok":57},"동사 자체를 존경 동사로 교체한다",{"t":83,"ok":10},"음절을 중복시킨다"]