[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"pubgrp:kg-do-man:ko:en":3},{"type":4,"slug":5,"title":6,"level":7,"goal":8,"image_path":9,"is_locked":10,"is_daily_free":10,"formula":11,"gloss":8,"desc":14,"desc_audio":9,"voices":15,"examples":16,"fills":53,"choices":54},"grammar","kg-do-man","Also\u002FOnly (~also, only)","elementary","Particles 도 (also) and 만 (only) — Adding and Limiting Meaning",null,false,[12,13],"Noun + 도 = Noun (also)","Noun + 만 = Noun (only)","**The core insight:** English expresses scope (what's included or excluded) mainly through word order and special adverbs. Korean uses **particles** — tiny grammatical units attached to nouns — to do this work. This is why 한국어 feels so different to English speakers.\n\nWhen you add `도` to a noun, you're saying that noun is **included in a set** that already exists in the mind. \"I ate rice. **I also ate** soup\" — the 도 tells listeners \"this is ANOTHER item in the group.\" English handles this with the adverb \"also\" and word order, but Korean **attaches the concept directly to the noun itself** with a particle.\n\nConversely, `만` means **only that noun, nothing else in that category**. \"I have money **only**\" means money and nothing else — perhaps not time, not energy, but money alone. English needs the adverb \"only\" placed carefully, but Korean **locks the exclusion onto the noun** with a particle. The particle makes the boundary crystal clear: 시간은 없어도 돈은 있어 (\"I don't have time, but I have **money only**\").\n\n**Why English speakers struggle:** English relies on adverbs and word order. We say \"**Also**, I like pizza\" or \"I like pizza **too**.\" Korean says 나는 피자도 좋아 — the `도` **sticks to the noun** and defines the scope right there. There's no separate word for \"also\"; the particle IS the emphasis. Similarly, English must say \"I eat **only** rice\" (adverb + noun), but Korean says 밥만 먹어 (noun + particle). The logic is more **compact and efficient** because the relationship between the noun and its scope lives in one grammatical unit.\n\nThink of `도` and `만` as **scope markers** rather than adverbs. They're not floating words; they're **attached badges that tell the listener which nouns belong in a set or stand alone**.",[],[17,23,29,35,41,47],{"en":18,"ko":19,"ko_audio":20,"audio":21,"audios":22},"나는 커피를 마신다.","I drink coffee.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F6a195e26-48ee-4b41-b0a7-d703c97d49b0.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fb0595056-c47d-4765-bf40-eeb43b1e9dd4.mp3",{},{"en":24,"ko":25,"ko_audio":26,"audio":27,"audios":28},"나는 커피도 마신다.","I drink coffee too. (I also drink coffee, in addition to something else.)","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002Fe988829f-9b9f-4ab7-ae5f-60276bfe4cde.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fc059e172-d300-46a6-8b14-85f235a20e25.mp3",{},{"en":30,"ko":31,"ko_audio":32,"audio":33,"audios":34},"나는 커피만 마신다.","I drink only coffee. (Coffee and nothing else.)","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F0edfe71a-42e7-4552-afde-7e070c5d0d97.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fe0b2a48b-c6e5-402a-afdb-b2c69190b9c8.mp3",{},{"en":36,"ko":37,"ko_audio":38,"audio":39,"audios":40},"민준이도 학생이다.","Minjun is a student too. (He's also a student, like someone else.)","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F1c256893-9836-41d2-b7ff-7bd44bc3a181.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fbded1baa-4f1a-4ebd-ae38-8c5eb0537b15.mp3",{},{"en":42,"ko":43,"ko_audio":44,"audio":45,"audios":46},"나는 수박만 좋아한다.","I like only watermelon. (Not apples, not oranges — watermelon alone.)","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F940eeb5e-7667-4b96-b9a7-9e67cdfd100c.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F6e337d70-82c8-4ad1-94c0-f9d60f3bb912.mp3",{},{"en":48,"ko":49,"ko_audio":50,"audio":51,"audios":52},"우리는 한국어도 배운다.","We learn Korean too. (Korean as well as other things.)","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F0fa373f6-3fff-4eee-90ea-204943f2e62a.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F56daa834-7a49-46cf-8c1f-27e726b12ef0.mp3",{},[],[55,67,78],{"ko":56,"options":57},"What is the main difference in how English and Korean express 'also' or 'only'?",[58,61,63,65],{"t":59,"ok":60},"English uses separate words placed around the verb; Korean attaches particles directly to the noun.",true,{"t":62,"ok":10},"English is more precise; Korean is always vague.",{"t":64,"ok":10},"They work the same way; there is no difference.",{"t":66,"ok":10},"English uses particles; Korean uses separate adverbs.",{"ko":68,"options":69},"Which sentence correctly uses 도?",[70,72,74,76],{"t":71,"ok":10},"나는 밥만 먹는다. (I eat only rice.)",{"t":73,"ok":60},"나는 밥도 먹는다. (I eat rice too.)",{"t":75,"ok":10},"밥 도 맛있다. (Rice also is delicious.) — with space before 도",{"t":77,"ok":10},"도는 밥 먹는다. (Also I eat rice.)",{"ko":79,"options":80},"What does 만 emphasize in the sentence 나는 물만 마신다?",[81,83,85,87],{"t":82,"ok":10},"That the speaker also drinks water, like someone else.",{"t":84,"ok":10},"That the speaker drinks water slowly.",{"t":86,"ok":60},"That the speaker drinks *only* water, and nothing but water.",{"t":88,"ok":10},"That the speaker wants to drink water in the future."]