[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"pubgrp:kg-irregular:ko:en":3},{"type":4,"slug":5,"title":6,"level":7,"goal":8,"image_path":9,"is_locked":10,"is_daily_free":10,"formula":11,"gloss":8,"desc":16,"desc_audio":9,"voices":17,"examples":18,"fills":55,"choices":56},"grammar","kg-irregular","Irregular Conjugation (ㅂ·ㄷ·르)","advanced","Common Irregular Verb Stems (ㅂ, ㄷ, 르, ㅅ irregulars)",null,false,[12,13,14,15],"ㅂ irregular: 돕다 → 도와요 (stem vowel change)","ㄷ irregular: 걷다 → 걸어요 (stem consonant change)","르 irregular: 모르다 → 몰라요 (stem transformation)","ㅅ irregular: 짓다 → 지어요 (stem consonant deletion)","Korean stem-final consonants undergo dramatic transformations when followed by certain vowel-initial suffixes—a phenomenon that has no direct parallel in English. English speakers often struggle with these irregularities because English verbs remain largely unchanged across tenses and persons (e.g., \"walk, walks, walked\" stays consistent). However, Korean operates on a **phonotactic principle**: certain consonant clusters cannot occur in Korean phonology, so the language *reorganizes the sound structure* to obey its phonological rules.\n\nThe three main irregular types reflect this logic:\n\n**ㅂ irregulars** (like 깁다, 곱다, 습하다): When ㅂ meets a vowel-initial suffix, ㅂ cannot stand before the vowel. Instead, it transforms into 우 and combines with the following vowel, creating a new diphthong. So 깁 + 어 cannot become *기버; instead it becomes 기워 (gi-wo). This is not random—it's **sound-preservation with structural adaptation**. The ㅂ doesn't disappear; it blends into a glide that maintains the labial quality.\n\n**ㄷ irregulars** (like 듣다, 걷다, 곤듣다): The final ㄷ is alveolar, but when it precedes a vowel-initial suffix, ㄷ drops and the stem becomes 으 + vowel. This happens because ㄷ-vowel clusters violate Korean phonotactics. The 으 vowel acts as a **buffer or epenthetic element** that re-establishes a valid consonant-vowel structure. English speakers rarely encounter this because English allows consonant clusters: \"listened\" works fine, but 들 + 어 cannot become *되어; it must become 들어 (through the irregular loss of ㄷ and insertion of 으).\n\n**르 irregulars** (like 다르다, 모르다, 흐르다): These follow a unique pattern where 르 + 어 → 러 (the ㄹ remains, but a vowel harmony shift occurs). When 르 meets certain vowel-initial endings, the stem reverts to remove 르 and reappear as 라\u002F러. This reflects **vowel harmony logic in disguise**: 르 cannot precede 어 without a phonological restructuring, so the stem transforms to maintain the vowel-quality balance.\n\n**Why English speakers find this confusing**: English doesn't require internal stem changes for grammatical information. We mark tense, aspect, and mood through **affixes alone** (walked, will walk, has walked). Korean, however, uses both affixes *and* stem modification as equally important grammatical signals. An English speaker thinks, \"Just add the suffix and you're done.\" A Korean speaker recognizes that **the stem itself must reshape to accommodate phonological rules**, and this reshaping is part of the grammar, not an exception to it.",[],[19,25,31,37,43,49],{"en":20,"ko":21,"ko_audio":22,"audio":23,"audios":24},"엄마가 저를 도와요.","Mom helps me.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F686d9497-dd8b-4ab5-b6b6-33e6f403d484.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fbc07c111-f082-4bf1-a289-b061843f760d.mp3",{},{"en":26,"ko":27,"ko_audio":28,"audio":29,"audios":30},"나는 매일 공원을 걸어요.","I walk through the park every day.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F7f7e7e57-6a16-431d-a0ef-3083333d292e.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F7bde7635-cda3-4c65-82b6-74f05ad18920.mp3",{},{"en":32,"ko":33,"ko_audio":34,"audio":35,"audios":36},"저는 그것을 몰라요.","I don't know that.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002Fb1dbacaf-e8a4-4a7f-aded-b9359c3cdda9.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F7df42c87-1f5c-450c-80af-bd1cf7dcde0f.mp3",{},{"en":38,"ko":39,"ko_audio":40,"audio":41,"audios":42},"그 학생이 집을 지었어요.","That student built a house.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F4cbd9c5c-8e61-4ca3-b2a7-59faf574dcfc.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F5eca10a6-d8e5-488e-84fc-3a23dd982fcc.mp3",{},{"en":44,"ko":45,"ko_audio":46,"audio":47,"audios":48},"이 길은 빠르게 갈 수 있어요.","You can go quickly on this road.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F887c6b11-610b-4ac5-b8eb-e36d55408a75.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F751623bf-1359-4791-a6e8-23a2d27e7415.mp3",{},{"en":50,"ko":51,"ko_audio":52,"audio":53,"audios":54},"음악을 들으면서 숙제를 해요.","I do homework while listening to music.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F290011d4-7413-4b11-bb9f-64d3d1de05cf.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F8b4d09e7-f6c5-417e-b05e-dc6720b285b1.mp3",{},[],[57,69,80],{"ko":58,"options":59},"The ㅂ irregular verb `돕다` becomes `도와요` in present tense. What is the underlying phonetic reason for this change?",[60,63,65,67],{"t":61,"ok":62},"The ㅂ disappears and the preceding vowel changes to avoid an unnatural consonant-vowel cluster",true,{"t":64,"ok":10},"It's a random irregular pattern with no logical explanation",{"t":66,"ok":10},"The stem transforms to maintain subject-object agreement",{"t":68,"ok":10},"The ㅂ becomes ㅇ to create a harsher sound in polite speech",{"ko":70,"options":71},"Which of the following is the correct conjugation of the ㄷ irregular verb `듣다` with `-어요`?",[72,74,76,78],{"t":73,"ok":62},"들어요",{"t":75,"ok":10},"듣어요",{"t":77,"ok":10},"돌어요",{"t":79,"ok":10},"듬어요",{"ko":81,"options":82},"The 르 irregular verb `모르다` becomes `몰라요`. How does this differ from the ㅂ and ㄷ irregulars?",[83,85,87,89],{"t":84,"ok":62},"The entire `르` ending disappears and is replaced by a connecting vowel, rather than just one consonant changing",{"t":86,"ok":10},"There is no difference—all irregulars follow the exact same rule",{"t":88,"ok":10},"The `르` becomes `ㄹ` like the ㄷ irregulars",{"t":90,"ok":10},"The stem remains unchanged, but a different suffix is required"]