[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"pubgrp:gr-passive-past:en:ja":3},{"type":4,"slug":5,"title":6,"level":7,"goal":8,"image_path":9,"is_locked":10,"is_daily_free":10,"formula":11,"gloss":14,"desc":15,"desc_audio":16,"voices":17,"examples":18,"fills":55,"choices":56},"grammar","gr-passive-past","過去受動態","intermediate","과거 수동태: 행위자보다 행위 대상에 초점",null,false,[12,13],"was\u002Fwere + 過去分詞","主語（行為の対象）+ was\u002Fwere + 過去分詞 + (by + 行為者)","過去受動態：行為者よりも行為の対象に焦点","**英語の過去受動態とは何か**\n\n過去受動態 (`was\u002Fwere + past participle`) は、**過去に起きた行為を、その行為の\"受け手\"の視点から説明する文法**です。日本語話者にとって重要なのは、これが単なる「文法的な形の変化」ではなく、**根本的な思考の転換**だということです。\n\n**日本語と英語の思考の違い**\n\n日本語は**主語を柔軟に選ぶ言語**です。「田中さんが報告書を書いた」でも「報告書が書かれた」でも、どちらも自然に使われます。しかし英語は異なります。英語の受動態は、**「誰が\u002F何が行為を受けたのか」に焦点を当てるための構文**で、**行為者よりも行為の対象を強調したい場合に使う**のです。つまり、「何が起きたか」という客観的な出来事を報告するニュアンスを持ちます。\n\n例えば：\n- 能動態：`John repaired my car.`（ジョンが私の車を修理した — ジョンの行動に焦点）\n- 受動態：`My car was repaired by John.`（私の車が修理された — 車の状態変化に焦点）\n\n**過去受動態の構造**\n\n過去受動態の基本形は `was\u002Fwere + past participle` です。`was\u002Fwere` は**過去の状態を示す**、そして`past participle` は**行為そのもの**を表します。行為者を明示したい場合は `by + 行為者` を加えますが、重要なのは**行為者の明示は任意**だということ。英語では「どのようにしてそれが起きたか」より「何が起きたか」に重きがあります。これが日本語との大きな違いです。\n\n**なぜ英語はこの構造を使うのか**\n\n英語話者は、ニュース報道、科学的な説明、フォーマルな文脈では、**行為の対象（受け手）を主題として扱い、行為者の重要性を下げる**傾向があります。これは客観性を求める文化背景と関連しています。日本語の「～された」も同様の形態ですが、日本語では行為者を省くことが英語ほど自然ではなく、逆に省くことで曖昧さや不確実性を表すことがあります。英語では、単に「その対象が経験した出来事」として処理されるのです。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fexplain_audio\u002F2bda807c-bd29-454c-8fec-d5d6626c58cb.mp3",[],[19,25,31,37,43,49],{"en":20,"ko":21,"ko_audio":22,"audio":23,"audios":24},"The letter was written by my sister yesterday.","その手紙は昨日、姉が書きました。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F5b85f693-341f-458d-907e-07f2203eeb4e.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F58b05467-044b-4296-abd4-d426e384a6bd.mp3",{},{"en":26,"ko":27,"ko_audio":28,"audio":29,"audios":30},"The project was completed before the deadline.","そのプロジェクトは期限前に完成されました。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F1810590b-564b-4987-ac26-ae67dd89d7f9.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F62ec9744-34b1-4909-b01c-b9b7f4cdf0f1.mp3",{},{"en":32,"ko":33,"ko_audio":34,"audio":35,"audios":36},"The bridge was built in 1985.","その橋は1985年に建てられました。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F99fb8462-94d3-4fd2-9912-aac3c53f2952.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fd8564bed-9611-45a4-8c79-54ab76b54e8b.mp3",{},{"en":38,"ko":39,"ko_audio":40,"audio":41,"audios":42},"Several mistakes were found in the report.","そのレポートでいくつかの間違いが発見されました。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002Fa320f9d7-298d-49cb-b9b4-96152fbd9d02.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F821e1da2-b4a3-454d-b193-762379c1a6cc.mp3",{},{"en":44,"ko":45,"ko_audio":46,"audio":47,"audios":48},"The movie was directed by a famous filmmaker.","その映画は有名な映画監督によって監督されました。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F82057c15-9d66-4bc0-8699-6d87009ad835.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F2f5c2ca0-5a8c-46b8-af2d-ee0092715a73.mp3",{},{"en":50,"ko":51,"ko_audio":52,"audio":53,"audios":54},"The windows were damaged during the storm.","嵐の間、その窓が損傷されました。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F98434008-912b-4e9b-89c5-666dd677c65b.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F96b1d3be-72d1-43c2-834d-80d8362bcd1a.mp3",{},[],[57,69,80],{"ko":58,"options":59},"문장 'The cake was baked by my mother'에서 수동태를 쓴 이유는?",[60,62,65,67],{"t":61,"ok":10},"어머니가 케이크를 구웠다는 행위자에 초점을 맞추기 위해",{"t":63,"ok":64},"케이크가 구워졌다는 결과와 변화에 초점을 맞추기 위해",true,{"t":66,"ok":10},"문법상 반드시 필요하기 때문에",{"t":68,"ok":10},"현재 시제를 표현하기 위해",{"ko":70,"options":71},"'The document was signed ___ the director.' 빈칸에 올 전치사는?",[72,74,76,78],{"t":73,"ok":10},"at",{"t":75,"ok":10},"on",{"t":77,"ok":64},"by",{"t":79,"ok":10},"with",{"ko":81,"options":82},"다음 중 과거 수동태 형태가 올바른 것은?",[83,85,87,89],{"t":84,"ok":10},"The book was writing yesterday.",{"t":86,"ok":64},"The book was written yesterday.",{"t":88,"ok":10},"The book were written yesterday.",{"t":90,"ok":10},"The book was write yesterday."]