[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"pubgrp:gr-past-perfect:en:ja":3},{"type":4,"slug":5,"title":6,"level":7,"goal":8,"image_path":9,"is_locked":10,"is_daily_free":10,"formula":11,"gloss":14,"desc":15,"desc_audio":16,"voices":17,"examples":18,"fills":55,"choices":56},"grammar","gr-past-perfect","過去完了 (had + p.p.)","advanced","두 과거 사건의 선후 관계를 명확히 하기",null,false,[12,13],"Had + 過去分詞 (before\u002Fwhen + 単純過去)","Subject + had + 過去分詞 + by the time + Subject + 単純過去","二つの過去の出来事の前後関係を明確にする","英語の過去完了形は、日本語話者にとって最も理解しにくい時制の一つです。なぜなら、**日本語には明確な「完了」という時制概念が存在しないから**です。\n\n日本語では「食べた」と言えば、それが数秒前のことなのか、数年前のことなのか、文脈で判断します。一方、英語の`had eaten`は、「ある過去の時点より、さらに前に完了していた」という**相対的な時間関係**を明確に表します。つまり、英語話者は時間軸を複数の過去の層として認識しているのです。\n\n**過去完了形の根本的な考え方**は「二つの過去の出来事があるとき、より古い出来事に`had + p.p.`を使う」ということです。例えば：\n- 彼は映画を見終わった（より古い）→ `He had finished watching the movie`\n- 私が着いた（より新しい） → `When I arrived`\n- 「When I arrived, he had finished watching the movie」で、二つの過去の順序が明確になります\n\n日本語では「彼は映画を見終わっていた。私が着いた時に」と言っても、時制の違いがありません。しかし英語では`had finished`と`arrived`で、**時間の先後関係を形で表す必要がある**のです。この「形で時間を正確に表現する」というのが、英語の時制体系の本質です。\n\nまた、過去完了形は**「完了」というニュアンスも持ちます**。`had eaten`は単なる過去ではなく、「その時点までに既に食べ終わっていた」という、ある状態が達成されたことを示します。これは`had been eating`（継続的に食べていた）との違いにも現れます。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fexplain_audio\u002Fc847009d-6524-41e5-994e-40ce64a70d01.mp3",[],[19,25,31,37,43,49],{"en":20,"ko":21,"ko_audio":22,"audio":23,"audios":24},"By the time she arrived at the office, her team had already finished the project.","彼女が事務所に到着したとき、彼女のチームはすでにプロジェクトを完了していた。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002Fc942ac6d-816b-4bf1-b1b1-10c004386ab9.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F2a84862d-5d48-402e-bdc5-b3590bd71580.mp3",{},{"en":26,"ko":27,"ko_audio":28,"audio":29,"audios":30},"He realized he had left his wallet at home when he reached the restaurant.","彼がレストランに到着したとき、財布を家に置き忘れたことに気づいた。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F12a7aece-ed2e-4cff-8490-355860941c7c.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F9dd6975d-719f-4852-a7dd-fba78cfe43e7.mp3",{},{"en":32,"ko":33,"ko_audio":34,"audio":35,"audios":36},"After they had discussed the proposal for two hours, they finally made a decision.","2時間提案について議論した後、彼らはついに決定を下した。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F9405cd2b-ad52-4f11-b3cc-ef93c54bf5f7.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fd304bb37-e115-4af1-bdb6-5bffb45cd051.mp3",{},{"en":38,"ko":39,"ko_audio":40,"audio":41,"audios":42},"She had never traveled abroad before she won the lottery.","彼女はロッテリーに当選する前まで、海外へ旅行に行ったことがなかった。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F02500289-f40b-460d-a7e2-fbbd4a954490.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fc081725f-1c1d-4e97-8bb8-4e9ace69f213.mp3",{},{"en":44,"ko":45,"ko_audio":46,"audio":47,"audios":48},"The document had been submitted three days before the deadline arrived.","その文書は締め切りが来る3日前に提出された。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F8adfed4a-0e27-4370-8e25-d0144f8275cd.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Ff9d7f88c-9b57-4a10-8602-9b1f0b251e05.mp3",{},{"en":50,"ko":51,"ko_audio":52,"audio":53,"audios":54},"Once the guests had departed, he cleaned up the house for two hours.","ゲストが去った後、彼は2時間家を掃除した。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F570b22c1-8168-4c09-9c58-12b7433b0704.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F996994d0-b1af-46f0-a932-9e075e09add7.mp3",{},[],[57,69,80],{"ko":58,"options":59},"다음 문장에서 빈칸에 올 가장 적절한 형태는? 'When I ___ the theater, the movie ___.'",[60,63,65,67],{"t":61,"ok":62},"arrived \u002F had started",true,{"t":64,"ok":10},"had arrived \u002F started",{"t":66,"ok":10},"arrived \u002F started",{"t":68,"ok":10},"had arrived \u002F had started",{"ko":70,"options":71},"다음 중 과거완료가 **필요한** 상황은 어느 것인가?",[72,74,76,78],{"t":73,"ok":10},"어제 친구를 만났고 함께 영화를 봤다. (두 사건이 거의 동시에 발생)",{"t":75,"ok":62},"회의가 시작되기 전에 나는 모든 자료를 준비했었다. (명확한 시간 선후 관계)",{"t":77,"ok":10},"나는 아침을 먹고 학교에 갔다. (단순한 순차 사건)",{"t":79,"ok":10},"그는 매일 운동하고 샤워했다. (반복되는 습관)",{"ko":81,"options":82},"문장 'She had finished her homework before her mother came home'에서 과거완료가 사용된 이유는?",[83,85,87,89],{"t":84,"ok":62},"먼저 일어난 사건을 더 과거 시제로 표현하여 시간 순서를 명확히 하기 위해",{"t":86,"ok":10},"'before'이라는 단어가 나왔으므로 자동으로 과거완료를 써야 함",{"t":88,"ok":10},"homework가 더 중요한 사건이기 때문에",{"t":90,"ok":10},"더 많은 시간이 걸린 사건을 과거완료로 표현함"]