[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"pubgrp:gr-present-perfect:en:ja":3},{"type":4,"slug":5,"title":6,"level":7,"goal":8,"image_path":9,"is_locked":10,"is_daily_free":10,"formula":11,"gloss":14,"desc":15,"desc_audio":16,"voices":17,"examples":18,"fills":55,"choices":56},"grammar","gr-present-perfect","現在完了 (have + p.p.)","intermediate","현재완료 vs 단순과거 — \"과거가 지금과 연결되어 있나요?\"",null,false,[12,13],"have \u002F has + 過去分詞 (past participle)","主語 + have\u002Fhas + p.p. (+ 目的語\u002F副詞)","現在完了 vs 単純過去 — 「過去が今と繋がっていますか?」","英語の現在完了は、**日本語話者にとって最も理解しにくい文法の一つ**です。なぜなら、日本語には「完了」という独立した時制概念がないからです。\n\n日本語では「した」で完結してしまいます。例えば「私はこの本を読みました」と「私はこの本を読んでいます」で、過去と現在を分けます。しかし英語は違います。`have + 過去分詞`は**「過去のこと」なのに「現在に関連性がある」という、両方の時間軸を同時に持つ**のです。\n\n**なぜ英語人はこう考えるのか？** 英語話者の視点では、過去のできごとが「今の自分に影響を与えている」「今の状態に繋がっている」ということを強調したいのです。つまり、`have done`は「完了した」というより「（その影響が）今も続いている」「今に関連がある」という感覚です。\n\n例えば、\"I have lived in Tokyo for 5 years\"は単に「私は5年間東京に住んでいた」ではなく、**「5年前に住み始めて、今もまだ住んでいる（その状態が続いている）」**という現在の状況を示しています。日本語では「東京に5年間住んでいます」と現在形で表現しますが、英語は `have + p.p.` を使って「過去から今までの流れ」を一つの文法で表現するのです。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fexplain_audio\u002F72abbf67-912a-47aa-bd48-44a27f80f548.mp3",[],[19,25,31,37,43,49],{"en":20,"ko":21,"ko_audio":22,"audio":23,"audios":24},"I have never eaten sushi before.","私は今まですし を一度も食べたことがない。(今までの経験)","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002Fd585fdda-e2be-4d43-af31-ccb664532a22.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fe1898adc-2568-4fc6-9ecc-c61d76fb32d2.mp3",{},{"en":26,"ko":27,"ko_audio":28,"audio":29,"audios":30},"She has already finished her homework.","彼女はもう宿題を終わった。(今、終わった状態)","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F30aeeee2-27f9-4afe-bcb3-1ce7d4aa89fd.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F70417673-449e-4a22-b6f2-45d4c2b6a61e.mp3",{},{"en":32,"ko":33,"ko_audio":34,"audio":35,"audios":36},"I lost my phone yesterday.","私は昨日、携帯電話を失くした。(昨日という特定の過去の時点で起こった完結した事件)","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002Fa8ac8748-95c8-4776-9f2e-7d0521acff16.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fcf2290d4-4de5-40c4-a3de-ba0f6986f3d2.mp3",{},{"en":38,"ko":39,"ko_audio":40,"audio":41,"audios":42},"Have you ever been to New York?","ニューヨークに行ったことがある?(今までの人生経験を尋ねる)","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F7dd16d73-6ec8-4860-bfcb-c4bbf1457563.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fa513e41d-ec15-4c71-86de-86ba1ce2797d.mp3",{},{"en":44,"ko":45,"ko_audio":46,"audio":47,"audios":48},"They have lived in Seoul for five years.","彼らは5年間ソウルに住んでいる。(過去に始まって、今も続いている)","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F303f3ee7-d778-4914-9363-45441f2e352c.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F5061f0fb-13fb-4aae-8c77-dc9d68547f12.mp3",{},{"en":50,"ko":51,"ko_audio":52,"audio":53,"audios":54},"I have just spoken to the manager.","ちょうど今マネージャーと話した。(ちょうど今した仕事が今のこの状況に影響を与える)","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F6325aa3c-64af-4aa0-ae7b-de6e26f52adc.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F684d8ae8-fbe3-4859-a70e-a2d04b5ce6d5.mp3",{},[],[57,69,80],{"ko":58,"options":59},"다음 중 현재완료를 써야 하는 상황은 어느 것인가요?",[60,62,64,67],{"t":61,"ok":10},"어제 커피를 마셨다고 말할 때",{"t":63,"ok":10},"2019년에 그 영화를 봤다고 말할 때",{"t":65,"ok":66},"지금도 배가 고픈 이유가 아직 밥을 못 먹어서라고 말할 때",true,{"t":68,"ok":10},"태어난 도시에 대해 말할 때",{"ko":70,"options":71},"다음 두 문장 중 \"그는 지갑을 잃어버렸고 지금도 없다\"는 의미에 맞는 문장은?",[72,74,76,78],{"t":73,"ok":10},"He lost his wallet.",{"t":75,"ok":66},"He has lost his wallet.",{"t":77,"ok":10},"He loses his wallet.",{"t":79,"ok":10},"He was losing his wallet.",{"ko":81,"options":82},"빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 문장은? \"We can't order pizza. We ___ already ___ dinner.\"",[83,85,87,89],{"t":84,"ok":10},"already \u002F ate",{"t":86,"ok":66},"have \u002F already eaten",{"t":88,"ok":10},"had \u002F ate",{"t":90,"ok":10},"did \u002F already eat"]