[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"pubgrp:kg-si:ko:ja":3},{"type":4,"slug":5,"title":6,"level":7,"goal":8,"image_path":9,"is_locked":10,"is_daily_free":10,"formula":11,"gloss":14,"desc":15,"desc_audio":16,"voices":17,"examples":18,"fills":55,"choices":56},"grammar","kg-si","시（主体敬語）","intermediate","Using ~(으)시 for subject honorifics to show respect",null,false,[12,13],"動詞の語幹 + ~(으)시 + 語尾","-(으)시-は時制\u002Fムード標識の前に挿入される","~(으)시を主語敬語に使用して尊重を示す","日本語話者にとって最も理解しにくい概念が、韓国語の**主体敬語（주체 높임）**です。日本語では「敬語」と言えば、通常は話者が聞き手に対する「丁寧さ」を表します。しかし韓国語の`-시-`は全く異なります。それは**文の主語（行動する人）が相手より上の立場であることを認識し、その人の行動や状態を尊重して高める**という概念です。\n\n日本語では「先生が来ました」と「先生がいらっしゃいました」の違いは、聞き手への敬意の度合いの違いです。しかし韓国語では「선생님이 오셨어요」の`-시-`は、**선생님（先生）という主語そのものを高めている**のです。つまり、主語の行動や状態に対して敬意を払う文法です。これは日本語にはない独立した敬語体系であり、**社会的上下関係を言語構造に組み込む韓国語文化**を反映しています。\n\n`-시-`を使う条件は明確です：主語が自分自身や同等以下の人物でない場合、その人の動作や状態を述べるときに`-시-`を挿入します。これは義務ではなく、**相手方への敬意の表現**です。さらに重要なのは、この敬語を使わないことは失礼であるだけでなく、韓国社会での人間関係を損なう可能性があります。日本語話者は「敬語を使わなくても意味は通じる」と考えがちですが、韓国語では敬語の有無が**社会的な配慮の有無**を直接表すのです。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fexplain_audio\u002F9f1331f5-46d8-40e3-a750-191823b2a564.mp3",[],[19,25,31,37,43,49],{"en":20,"ko":21,"ko_audio":22,"audio":23,"audios":24},"할머니가 밥을 드셨어요.","おばあさんがご飯を召し上がりました。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F037d461b-f3ee-4407-ba4e-65fba3fbcb1c.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F34ed9405-9c32-4291-8b34-d846faa2466a.mp3",{},{"en":26,"ko":27,"ko_audio":28,"audio":29,"audios":30},"선생님이 교실에 오셨어요.","先生が教室にいらっしゃいました。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002Fc61e8638-5ae8-49f1-82e5-9bc238dfde17.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F8c0c9410-16bf-4caa-8cbe-6e0f202d2347.mp3",{},{"en":32,"ko":33,"ko_audio":34,"audio":35,"audios":36},"부모님이 뭐하세요?","ご両親は何をなさいますか。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F42cca09b-2dd3-4a70-aa3d-b762a4c3ae99.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F2edc37bc-2a0d-4ae3-9efd-a6f2e93a9b0e.mp3",{},{"en":38,"ko":39,"ko_audio":40,"audio":41,"audios":42},"할아버지께서 신문을 읽으셨어요.","おじいさんが新聞を読まれました。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F6f00d8e4-0a81-460a-9fb7-9757224286e4.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F110b9835-7fe0-442f-a34e-ea20669b5374.mp3",{},{"en":44,"ko":45,"ko_audio":46,"audio":47,"audios":48},"사장님이 내일 회의에 참석하실 거예요.","社長さんが明日の会議に出席されるんですよ。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F5ad5f2e4-21c9-4c76-82df-03f203903402.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fc903ae0f-e73c-4eed-9fdb-15ee0fd9b976.mp3",{},{"en":50,"ko":51,"ko_audio":52,"audio":53,"audios":54},"의사 선생님이 뭐라고 말씀하셨어요?","医者の先生は何とおっしゃいましたか。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F23282b40-84d8-4d44-88cd-079088320de3.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F6f157e71-4900-45b3-8178-71fb0b14c3e7.mp3",{},[],[57,69,80],{"ko":58,"options":59},"Why can't you simply say '부모님이 밥을 먹었어요' when you want to show respect for your parents' action?",[60,63,65,67],{"t":61,"ok":62},"Because Korean grammar requires the ~(으)시 infix to mark respect for the subject, making '부모님이 밥을 드셨어요' the correct form",true,{"t":64,"ok":10},"Because '밥' is a sacred word and only formal registers can handle it",{"t":66,"ok":10},"Because you must always use past tense with parents",{"t":68,"ok":10},"Because '먹었어요' is impolite to parents",{"ko":70,"options":71},"What is the key difference between how English and Korean express respect toward someone's actions?",[72,74,76,78],{"t":73,"ok":10},"English marks respect through verb inflection (like ~(으)시), while Korean uses word choice and formality registers",{"t":75,"ok":62},"Korean embeds respect directly into the verb structure through ~(으)시, while English relies on politeness levels and word selection outside the grammar",{"t":77,"ok":10},"English requires honorific subjects, while Korean only needs polite endings",{"t":79,"ok":10},"There is no difference; both languages use identical methods",{"ko":81,"options":82},"In the sentence '할머니가 영화를 보셨어요,' what grammatical role does ~(으)셨 play?",[83,85,87,89],{"t":84,"ok":10},"It marks the object (영화) as important",{"t":86,"ok":62},"It indicates the action is in the past and that the subject (할머니) deserves respect",{"t":88,"ok":10},"It changes the meaning to a negative statement",{"t":90,"ok":10},"It signals a question to the listener"]