[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"pubgrp:kg-past:ko:ja":3},{"type":4,"slug":5,"title":6,"level":7,"goal":8,"image_path":9,"is_locked":10,"is_daily_free":10,"formula":11,"gloss":14,"desc":15,"desc_audio":16,"voices":17,"examples":18,"fills":55,"choices":56},"grammar","kg-past","過去形（～た・～だ）","elementary","Simple past tense: 았어요\u002F었어요",null,false,[12,13],"動詞の幹+～ました\u002F～ました","過去に起こって終わった行動","単純過去形：～ました\u002F～ました","韓国語の過去形 `았\u002F었` を理解するには、**日本語話者が持っていない感覚を身につける必要があります**。日本語では「食べました」「食べた」という単一の過去形で済みますが、韓国語はより細かい**完了性 (アスペクト) の違い**を文法で表現します。\n\n`았\u002F었` の核となる意味は「**その動作や状態が確実に完了・実現した**」という概念です。日本語では時制 (いつのことか) が中心ですが、韓国語は**「終わったのか、まだ続いているのか」という完了度**を重視します。これは「昨日食べました」と「昨日ご飯を食べていました」の違いを文法で区別するようなものです。\n\n**なぜこの区別が韓国語に必要なのか？** 韓国語は中国語と同じく、言語構造として「動作の完了」を明確に標記する文法体系を持っているからです。日本語は文脈や助詞でニュアンスを補いますが、韓国語は**文法そのものが完了性を要求**します。言い換えると、「いつ」「どこで」の時・空間情報よりも「**その行為が本当に起こったのか、起こり終わったのか**」が重要なのです。\n\n使い分けのコツ：`았\u002F었` を使う = **現在から見て、その行為は「すでに完了した過去の事実」です**。「昨日映画を見ました」「朝ご飯を食べました」「3年日本語を勉強しました」—— すべて「完了した過去」を表します。この感覚がつかめれば、韓国語の時制はグンと分かりやすくなります。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fexplain_audio\u002Fdcb5394c-aa09-4de4-9212-41ddcb9b0a26.mp3",[],[19,25,31,37,43,49],{"en":20,"ko":21,"ko_audio":22,"audio":23,"audios":24},"저는 어제 밥을 먹었어요.","私は昨日ご飯を食べました。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F0aebcc93-aefc-4044-a2a9-5f0f631b2812.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F25075e4d-41c7-4a90-9b21-d9f78b46fa41.mp3",{},{"en":26,"ko":27,"ko_audio":28,"audio":29,"audios":30},"그녀는 학교에 갔어요.","彼女は学校に行きました。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002Fd6f3eb7c-1202-4f47-b12d-bd2205b9a349.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F75b8dd6e-2163-4661-b84d-372256e6452f.mp3",{},{"en":32,"ko":33,"ko_audio":34,"audio":35,"audios":36},"우리는 영화를 봤어요.","私たちは映画を見ました。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F95bae6b7-80bc-4f0a-a2d7-c791edca04c9.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F96d5e976-1236-4120-891c-f95694032553.mp3",{},{"en":38,"ko":39,"ko_audio":40,"audio":41,"audios":42},"친구가 전화했어요.","友達が電話しました。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F76759b52-ff6a-4742-91a9-37079a07d1f4.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fb710b131-a351-4f90-96ca-73df1ea5a5cf.mp3",{},{"en":44,"ko":45,"ko_audio":46,"audio":47,"audios":48},"엄마는 저녁을 만들었어요.","母は夕食を作りました。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F119320cd-4d1a-4644-8760-9f86367b1f2b.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F8ba5aea3-d951-48b4-834c-93e2892a6e93.mp3",{},{"en":50,"ko":51,"ko_audio":52,"audio":53,"audios":54},"나는 숙제를 했어요.","私は宿題をしました。","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F4b78fa90-2b79-47a5-ab56-6ee5f760108e.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F8de1c4d7-b62d-481a-bae3-3893e8eb298b.mp3",{},[],[57,69,80],{"ko":58,"options":59},"When do you use `-았어요` instead of `-었어요`?",[60,63,65,67],{"t":61,"ok":62},"When the verb stem's last vowel is bright (ㅏ, ㅗ)",true,{"t":64,"ok":10},"When talking about negative past actions",{"t":66,"ok":10},"When the subject is plural",{"t":68,"ok":10},"When the sentence contains an object",{"ko":70,"options":71},"What is the main difference between how English and Korean mark past tense?",[72,74,76,78],{"t":73,"ok":62},"English changes the entire word; Korean keeps the stem and adds an ending",{"t":75,"ok":10},"English uses word order; Korean doesn't",{"t":77,"ok":10},"English only marks past with 'did'; Korean uses two methods",{"t":79,"ok":10},"There is no real difference",{"ko":81,"options":82},"Which sentence uses the correct past tense ending?",[83,85,87,89],{"t":84,"ok":10},"그는 물을 마신었어요.",{"t":86,"ok":62},"그는 물을 마셨어요.",{"t":88,"ok":10},"그는 물을 마래요.",{"t":90,"ok":10},"그는 물을 마을어요."]