[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"pubgrp:gr-by-agent:en:ko":3},{"type":4,"slug":5,"title":6,"level":7,"goal":8,"image_path":9,"is_locked":10,"is_daily_free":10,"formula":11,"gloss":8,"desc":14,"desc_audio":15,"voices":16,"examples":17,"fills":54,"choices":55},"grammar","gr-by-agent","by + 행위자","intermediate","수동태에서 행위자 나타내기 (by 사용)",null,false,[12,13],"Passive verb + by + 행위자","Be + 과거분사 + by + 누가\u002F무엇이","**영어의 수동태와 한국어의 가장 큰 차이점**은 '누가 했는가'를 **선택적으로** 나타낼 수 있다는 것입니다. 한국어는 주로 능동형을 사용하고 수동형도 많지만, 행위자를 빼는 경우가 훨씬 자연스럽습니다. 반면 영어는 **행위자가 중요할 때는 반드시 `by` + 행위자를 추가**합니다.\n\n왜 그럴까요? 영어식 사고는 **\"누가 그 일을 했는가\"라는 책임감이나 중요성을 명확히 하려는 의도**가 강합니다. 예를 들어 \"The cake was eaten\"이라고만 하면 누가 먹었는지 불명확하지만, \"The cake was eaten **by my brother**\"라고 하면 책임이나 행동의 주체가 명확해집니다. 이것이 영어 문화의 특징입니다.\n\n**한국어적 사고**에서는 \"케이크가 먹혔어\" 또는 \"누군가 케이크를 먹었어\"라고 하는 것으로 충분합니다. 하지만 영어는 더 **구체적이고 책임감 있는 커뮤니케이션**을 선호합니다. 따라서 `by`를 사용해서 \"정확히 누가\" 행동했는지를 밝히는 것이 자연스럽습니다.\n\n**`by`의 핵심 용법**: `by` 뒤에는 행위자(agent)가 옵니다. 이는 '누가, 무엇이, 어느 회사가' 등 행동을 수행한 주체를 명시하는 역할을 합니다. 한국어에서는 이런 명시성이 덜 필요하지만, 영어에서는 **정보의 명확성과 책임성**을 중시하기 때문에 `by`가 자주 사용됩니다.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fexplain_audio\u002F78859b2c-7dd8-46af-ba6b-cd6f1d56904e.mp3",[],[18,24,30,36,42,48],{"en":19,"ko":20,"ko_audio":21,"audio":22,"audios":23},"The letter was written by Shakespeare.","그 편지는 셰익스피어에 의해 쓰였다.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F7cd764f2-b571-4a50-ad54-2b8b9cc4e5cd.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F357949bd-27c2-4931-9f57-bde9d734c64e.mp3",{},{"en":25,"ko":26,"ko_audio":27,"audio":28,"audios":29},"The house was designed by a famous architect.","그 집은 유명한 건축가에 의해 설계되었다.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F0674041b-f0a2-4d22-9edd-0164f4e192b8.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F76bd6296-0dd9-4238-84a0-cf7cf0f52f0c.mp3",{},{"en":31,"ko":32,"ko_audio":33,"audio":34,"audios":35},"The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg.","그 영화는 스티븐 스필버그에 의해 감독되었다.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F1fd07800-61e9-48fe-a452-179bd9937701.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F906b1ae7-6ef7-4391-9e85-a4884b8980d7.mp3",{},{"en":37,"ko":38,"ko_audio":39,"audio":40,"audios":41},"The song was performed by Adele at the concert.","그 노래는 콘서트에서 아델에 의해 불렸다.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F5e3bcc33-e027-4177-bf4a-9e9da2aeee34.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002Fba5d71bd-3051-4eaa-bca7-e0cc078ff003.mp3",{},{"en":43,"ko":44,"ko_audio":45,"audio":46,"audios":47},"The report was prepared by the marketing team.","그 보고서는 마케팅 팀에 의해 준비되었다.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F880ab6de-987a-4758-9be5-dde1ca28167a.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F7cd12c5f-e90a-429c-b975-016a485ed713.mp3",{},{"en":49,"ko":50,"ko_audio":51,"audio":52,"audios":53},"The painting was stolen by a professional art thief.","그 그림은 전문적인 미술 도둑에 의해 도난당했다.","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Ftrans_audio\u002F441e93db-b111-4900-b496-52d9b435b683.mp3","https:\u002F\u002Fpub-96bedcbbfd0f4e5d82c4505745cced9c.r2.dev\u002Fblock_audio\u002F33aa01b9-5344-474f-a3ba-c3fad656cb03.mp3",{},[],[56,68,79],{"ko":57,"options":58},"다음 문장을 수동태로 바꾸되, 행위자를 명시하세요: 'Picasso painted this masterpiece.'",[59,62,64,66],{"t":60,"ok":61},"This masterpiece was painted by Picasso.",true,{"t":63,"ok":10},"This masterpiece was painted Picasso.",{"t":65,"ok":10},"This masterpiece painted by Picasso.",{"t":67,"ok":10},"This masterpiece was by Picasso painted.",{"ko":69,"options":70},"빈 칸에 맞는 표현을 고르세요: 'The building ___ destroyed by the earthquake last year.'",[71,73,75,77],{"t":72,"ok":61},"was",{"t":74,"ok":10},"were",{"t":76,"ok":10},"has been",{"t":78,"ok":10},"is",{"ko":80,"options":81},"다음 중 어느 문장이 '누가' 행동을 했는지 명확하게 나타내고 있습니까?",[82,84,86,88],{"t":83,"ok":10},"The book was published.",{"t":85,"ok":61},"The book was published by Oxford University Press.",{"t":87,"ok":10},"The book was being published.",{"t":89,"ok":10},"The book had published."]